An
embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or
electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded
as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Properties
typical of embedded computers when compared with general-purpose ones are e.g.
low power consumption, small size, rugged operating ranges and low per-unit
cost. This comes at the price of limited processing resources, which make them
significantly more difficult to program and to interface with. However, by
building intelligence mechanisms on the top of the hardware, taking advantage
of possible existing sensors and the existence of a network of embedded units,
one can both optimally manage available resources at the unit and network
levels as well as provide augmented functionalities, well beyond those
available. For example, intelligent techniques can be designed to manage power
consumption of embedded systems.
Modern
embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers
(i.e. CPUs with integrated memory or peripheral interfaces) but ordinary
microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral interface
circuits) are also still common, especially in more complex systems. In either
case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to those specialized
in certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the application
at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).
Since
the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the
reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced,
benefiting from economies of scale.
Embedded
systems range from portable devices such as digital
watches and MP3 players, to large stationary
installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex
systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics.
Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller
chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals
and networks mounted inside a large chassis
or enclosure.
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